References

• Boyd, Thomas. In Time of Peace. New York: Minton, 1935.
• ---. Through the Wheat. New York: Scribner's, 1923.
• Burns, John Horne. The Gallery. New York: Harper, 1947.
• Cain, Jonathan. Saigon Commandos. New York: Kensington, Zebra, 1983.
• Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage: An Episode of the American Civil War. 1895. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1975. Vol. 2 of The University of Virginia Edition of the Works of Stephen Crane. Ed. Fredson Bowers. 10 vols. 1969-76.
• Del Vecchio, John M. The 13th Valley. Toronto: Bantam, 1982.
• Dos Passos, John. One Man's Initiation: 1917. 1920. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1969.
• ---. The Best Times: An Informal Memoir. New York: New American Library, 1966.
• ---. Three Soldiers. New York: Doran, 1921.
• Eliot, T[homas] S[tearns]. "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" T. S. Eliot: Collected Poems 1909-1962. San Diego: Harcourt, 1970.
• Hašek, Jaroslav. The Good Soldier Švejk and His Fortunes in the World War. 1930. Trans. Cecil Parrott. Everyman's Library. New York: Knopf, 1993.
• Heinemann, Larry. Close Quarters. New York: Farrar, 1977.
• Heller, Joseph. Catch-22. New York: Simon, 1961.
• ---. "Joseph Heller Replies." Realist 50 (1964): 30.
• Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner's, 1929.
• ---. The Sun Also Rises. New York: Scribner's, 1926.
• Hersey, John. The War Lover. New York: Knopf, 1959.
• Homer. The Iliad. Tr. Richmond Lattimore. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1962.
• Jones, James. From Here to Eternity. New York: Scribner's, 1953.
• ---. The Pistol. New York: Scribner's, 1958.
• ---. The Thin Red Line. New York: Scribner's, 1962.
• ---. Whistle. New York: Delacorte P, 1977.
• ---. WWII. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1975.
• Killens, John Oliver. And Then We Heard the Thunder. 1962. Washington, D.C.: Howard UP, 1983.
• Lansing, John. The Black Eagles: Hanoi Hellground. New York: Kensington, Zebra, 1984.
• Mailer, Norman. Advertisements for Myself. New York: Putnam, 1959.
• ---. The Naked and the Dead. New York: Rinehart, 1948.
• March [Campbell], William. Company K. 1933. New York: Arbor House, 1984.
• Michener, James. The Bridges at Toko-Ri. New York: Random House, 1953.
• Moore, Robin. The Green Berets. New York: Crown, 1965.
• O'Brien, Tim. Going After Cacciato. New York: Delacorte P, 1978.
• Pratt, John Clark. The Laotian Fragments. New York: Viking P, 1974.
• Remarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front. 1928. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975.
• Rubin, Jonathan. The Barking Deer. New York: Braziller, 1974.
• Shaw, Irwin. The Young Lions. New York: Modern Library, 1948.
• Trumbo, Dalton. Johnny Got His Gun. New York: Monogram, 1939.
• Tweed, Jack Hamilton. Gunships #1: The Killing Zone. New York: Kensington, Zebra, 1981.
• Webb, James. Fields of Fire. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1978.
• Wright, Stephen. Meditations in Green. New York: Scribner's, 1983.

Secondary Sources

• Aaron, Daniel. Writers on the Left: Episodes in American Literary Communism. Communism in American Life. New York: Harcourt, 1961.
• Adams, Laura. Existential Battles: The Growth of Norman Mailer. Athens, OH: Ohio UP, 1976.
• Adams, Richard P. "A Second Look at From Here to Eternity." College English 17.4 (Jan. 1956): 205-10.
• Aichinger, Peter. The American Soldier in Fiction, 1880-1963: A History of Attitudes Toward Warfare and the Military Establishment. Ames: Iowa State UP, 1975.
• Aldrich, Nelson W., Jr. "The Art of Fiction: James Jones." Paris Review 20 (1959): 34-55.
• Aldridge, John W. After the Lost Generation: A Crtical Study of the Writers of Two Wars. New York: Noonday P, 1951.
• ---. "The Last James Jones." New York Times Book Review 83.10 (Mar. 5, 1978): 1, 30-31.
• Algren, Nelson. "The Catch." The Nation 193 (Nov. 4, 1961): 358.
• Anisfield, Nancy. "Words and Fragments: Narrative Style in Vietnam War Novels." Search and Clear: Critical Responses to Selected Literature and Films of the Vietnam War. Ed. William J. Searle. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State Popular P, 1988. 56-61.
• Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New Edition. New York: Harcourt, 1966.
• Baritz, Loren. Backfire: A History of How American Culture Led Us into Vietnam and Made Us Fight the Way We Did. New York: Morrow, 1985.
• Beidler, Philip D. "Re-writing America: Literature as Cultural Revision in the New Vietnam Fiction." America Rediscovered: Critical Essays on Literature and Film of the Vietnam War. Ed. Owen W. Gilman, Jr. and Lorrie Smith. New York: Garland, 1990. 3-9.
• Bellah, Robert N., et al. The Good Society. New York: Knopf, 1991.
• ---. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Updated Edition. Berkeley: U of California P, 1996.
• Bellow, Saul. "Some Notes on Recent American Fiction." The American Novel Since World War II. Ed. Marcus Klein. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1969. 159-74.
• Beversluis, John. "Dispelling the Romantic Myth: A Study of A Farewell to Arms." Hemingway Review 9.1 (Fall 1989): 18-25.
• Bloom, Harold. Agon: Towards a Theory of Revisionism. New York: Oxford UP, 1982.
• Blues, Thomas. "The Moral Structure of Catch-22." Studies in the Novel 3 (1971): 64-79. Rpt. in Nagel 102-16.
• Bourne, Randolph S. "The State." War and the Intellectuals: Essays by Randolph S. Bourne, 1915-1919. Ed. Carl Resek. New York: Harper, 1964.
• Bryant, Jerry H. The Open Decision: The Contemporary American Novel and Its Intellectual Background. New York: Free P, 1970.
• Burg, David F. "The Hero of The Naked and the Dead." Modern Ficton Studies 17.3 (Autumn 1971): 387-401.
• Busby, Mark. "Tim O'Brien's Going After Cacciato: Finding the End of the Vision." Conference of College Teachers of English Studies 47 (1982): 63-69.
• Camus, Albert. The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays. Trans. Justin O'Brien. New York: Knopf, 1955.
• Carr, Virginia Spencer. Dos Passos: A Life. Garden City: Doubleday, 1984.
• Carter, Steven R. James Jones: An American Literary Orientalist Master. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1998.
• Castelli, Jim. "Catch-22 and the New Hero." Catholic World 211 (Aug. 1970): 199-202.
• Clark, Michael. Dos Passos's Early Fiction, 1912-1938. Selingsgrove, PA: Susquehanna UP, 1987.
• Cook, Bruce. Dalton Trumbo. New York: Scribner's, 1977.
• Cooperman, Stanley. "John Dos Passos' Three Soldiers: Aesthetics and the Doom of Individualism." The First World War in Fiction: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Holger Klein. London: Macmillan, 1976. 23-31.
• ---. World War I and the American Novel. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins P, 1967.
• Croly, Herbert. The Promise of American Life. 1909. Ed. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. The John Harvard Library. Cambridge: Belknap P of Harvard UP, 1965.
• Darwin, Charles. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. New York: New York UP, 1989. Vol. 21-22 of Works. 1987.
• ---. On the Origin of Species, 1859. Washington Square, NY: New York UP, 1988. Vol. 15 of Works. 1987.
• Delli Carpini, Michael X. "US Media Coverage of the Vietnam Conflict in 1968." The Vietnam Era: Media and Popular Culture in the US and Vietnam. Ed. Michael Klein. London: Pluto P, 1990. 38-64.
• Denniston, Constance. "The American Romance-Parody: A Study of Heller's Catch-22." Emporia State Research Studies 14.2 (1965): 42-59. Rpt. in Nagel 64-77.
• De Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America. 1840. Trans. Henry Reeve. Ed. Phillips Bradley. Vol. 2. New York: Knopf, 1945.
• Dewey, John. Individualism Old and New. New York: Minton, Balch, 1930.
• Donaldson, Scott. "Frederic Henry's Escape and the Pose of Passivity." Hemingway: A Revaluation. Ed. Donald R. Noble. Troy, NY: Whitston, 1983. 165-85.
• Donovan, Robert J. Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1949-1953. New York: Norton, 1982.
• Ehrlich, Robert. Norman Mailer: The Radical as Hipster. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow P, 1978.
• Eisinger, Chester. Fiction of the Forties. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1963.
• Ekirch, Arthur A., Jr. The Decline of American Liberalism. New York: Longmans, 1955.
• Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ed. Alfred R. Ferguson. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Belknap P of Harvard UP, 1971.
• ---. The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ed. Alfred R. Ferguson and Jean Ferguson Carr. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Belknap P of Harvard UP, 1979.
• Farrell, John C. "John Dewey and World War I: Armageddon Tests a Liberal's Faith." Perspectives in American History 9 (1975): 299-340.
• Fiedler, Leslie A. "James Jones' Dead-end Young Werther: The Bum as American Culture Hero." Commentary 12.3 (Sep. 1951): 252-55.
• Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books, 1979.
• Fromm, Erich. Escape from Freedom. 1941. New York: Holt, 1976.
• Fussell, Paul. The Great War and Modern Memory. New York: Oxford UP, 1975.
• Garrett, George. James Jones. San Diego: Harcourt, 1984.
• Garrety, Michael. "Love and War: R. H. Mottram, The Spanish Farm Trilogy and Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms." The First World War in Fiction: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Holger Klein. London: Macmillan, 1976. 10-22.
• Giles, James R. James Jones. Twayne United States Authors Series. Boston: Twayne, 1981.
• Gilman, Owen W., Jr. "Vietnam and John Winthrop's Vision of Community." Fourteen Landing Zones: Approaches to Vietnam War Literature. Ed. Philip K. Jason. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1991. 124-40.
• ---. "Vietnam Fiction and the Paradoxical Paradigm of Nomenclature." Search and Clear: Critical Responses to Selected Literature and Films of the Vietnam War. Ed. William J. Searle. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State Popular P, 1988. 62-73.
• Gordon, Andrew. An American Dreamer: A Psychoanalytic Study of the Fiction of Norman Mailer. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1980.
• Green, Daniel. "A World Worth Laughing At: Catch-22 and the Humor of Black Humor." Studies in the Novel 27.2 (Summer 1995): 186-96.
• Griffith, Ben W., Jr. "Rear Rank Robin Hood: James Jones's Folk Hero." Georgia Review 10.1 (Spring 1956): 41-46.
• Gutman, Stanley T. Mankind in Barbary: The Individual and Society in the Novels of Norman Mailer. Hanover, NH: UP of New England, 1975.
• Harris, William H. and Judith S. Levey, ed. The New Columbia Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia UP, 1975.
• Hassan, Ihab. "Encounter with Necessity." Critical Essays on Norman Mailer. Ed. J. Michael Lennon. Critical Essays on American Literature. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1986. 91-98.
• ---. Radical Innocence: Studies on the Contemporary American Novel. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1961.
• Hellmann, John. American Myth and the Legacy of Vietnam. New York: Columbia UP, 1986.
• Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Ed. Richard Tuck. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991.
• Hodgson, Godfrey. America in Our Time. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976.
• Hölbling, Walter. "US Fiction About Vietnam: The Discourse of Contradiction." The Vietnam Era: Media and Popular Culture in the US and Vietnam. Ed. Michael Klein. London: Pluto P, 1990. 125-143.
• Hunt, John W. "Comic Escape and Anti-Vision: Joseph Heller's Catch-22." Adversity and Grace: Studies in Recent American Literature. Ed. Nathan A. Scott, Jr. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1968. 91-98.
• Jason, Philip K. "Vision and Tradition in Vietnam War Fiction." America Rediscovered: Critical Essays on Literature and Film of the Vietnam War. Ed. Owen W. Gilman, Jr. and Lorrie Smith. New York: Garland, 1990. 75-86.
• Jeffords, Susan. "Born of Two Fathers: Gender and Misunderstanding in Platoon." Search and Clear: Critical Responses to Selected Literature and Films of the Vietnam War. Ed. William J. Searle. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State Popular P, 1988. 184-94.
• Johnson, Ellwood. "The Anarchist Theme of John Dos Passos's Three Soldiers." Markham Review 10 (1980-81): 68-71.
• Johnson, Gerald W. Incredible Tale: The Odyssey of the Average American in the Last Half Century. New York: Harper, 1950.
• Jones, Peter G. War and the Novelist: Appraising the American War Novel. Columbia, MO: U of Missouri P, 1976.
• Kakutani, Michiko. "Novelists and Vietnam: The War Goes On." New York Times Book Review (April 15, 1984): 1, 39-41.
• Karl, Frederick R. "Joseph Heller's Catch-22: Only Fools Walk in Darkness." Contemporary American Novelists. Ed. Harry T. Moore. Crosscurrents/Modern Critiques. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1964. 134-42.
• Kazin, Alfred. "Dos Passos, Society, and the Individual." Dos Passos: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Andrew Hook. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1974. 101-19.
• Kennedy, David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society. New York: Oxford UP, 1980.
• Kiley, Frederick and Walter McDonald, ed. A Catch-22 Casebook. New York: Crowell, 1973.
• Knowles, A. S., Jr. "Dos Passos in the Twenties." The Twenties: Fiction, Poetry, Drama. Ed. Warren French. Deland, FL: Everett/Edwards, 1975. 123-37.
• Kriegel, Leonard. "Dalton Trumbo's Johnny Got His Gun." Proletarian Writers of the Thirties. Ed. David Madden. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1968. 106-113.
• Landsberg, Melvin. Dos Passos' Path to U.S.A.: A Political Biography 1912-1936. Boulder: Colorado Associated UP, 1972.
• Lardner, John. "Anatomy of the Regular Army." New Yorker 27.4 (Mar. 10, 1951): 117-19.
• Layman, Richard. "John Dos Passos: The Ground He Stood On." The Professions of Authorship: Essays in Honor of Matthew J. Bruccoli. Ed. Richard Layman and Joel Myerson. Columbia, SC: U of South Carolina P, 1996. 184-98.
• Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. Ed. Peter Laslett. Student Edition. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1988.
• Lomperis, Timothy J. "Reading the Wind": The Literature of the Vietnam War. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1987.
• Lukács, Georg. "The Ideology of Modernism." Trans. John Mander and Necke Mander. 20th Century Literary Criticism: A Reader. Ed. David Lodge. London: Longman, 1972. 474-87.
• Macauley, Robie. "Private Jones's Revenge." Kenyon Review 13.3 (Summer 1951): 526-29.
• Maclear, Michael. The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam: 1945-1975. New York: St. Martin's, 1981.
• MacShane, Frank. Into Eternity: The Life of James Jones, American Writer. Boston: Houghton, 1985.
• Martine, James J. "The Courage to Defy." Nagel 142-49.
• Marx, Karl. Das Kapital. Ed. Friedrich Engels. Trans. Samuel Moore and E. Aveling. 3 vols. New York: International Publishers, 1967.
• Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. The Communist Manifesto. Trans. Samuel Moore. Chicago: Regnery, 1955.
• McCaffrey, Larry. "Interview with Tim O'Brien." Chicago Review 33.2 (1982): 129-49.
• McCrae, John. "In Flanders Fields." 1 Nov. 1997. <http://www.wolfden.com/calendar/poppy.html> (7 Mar. 2001).
• McDonald, Walter R. "He Took Off: Yossarian and the Different Drummer." CEA Critic 36.1 (Nov. 1973): 14-16.
• McWilliams, Dean. "Time in O'Brien's Going After Cacciato." Critique 29.4 (Summer 1988): 245-55.
• Medlicott, Alexander, Jr. "'Soldiers Are Citizens of Death's Gray Land': William March's Company K." Arizona Quarterly 28.3 (Autumn 1972): 209-24.
• Merrill, Robert. Joseph Heller. Twayne's United States Authors Series. Boston: Twayne, 1987.
• ---. Norman Mailer. Twayne's United States Authors Series. Boston: Twayne, 1978.
• Merrill, Sam. "Playboy Interview: Joseph Heller." Playboy June 1975: 59-61, 64-66, 70, 72-74, 76. Rpt. in Conversations with Joseph Heller. Literary Conversations Series. Ed. Adam J. Sorkin. Jackson, MS: UP of Mississippi, 1993. 144-76.
• Metress, Christopher. "'Hopeless Tatters': The American Movie Tradition and Vietnam in Stephen Wright's Meditations in Green." Studies in the Humanities 16.2 (Dec. 1989): 111-20.
• Miller, Perry and Thomas H. Johnson. The Puritans. American Literature Series. New York: American, 1938.
• Milne, Victor J. "Heller's 'Bologniad': A Theological Perspective on Catch-22." Critique 12.2 (1970): 50-69.
• Mitchell, Lee Clark. "Naturalism and the Languages of Determinism." Columbia Literary History of the United States. Ed. Emory Elliott. New York: Columbia UP, 1988. 525-45.
• Muste, John M. "Better to Die Laughing: The War Novels of Joseph Heller and John Ashmead." Critique 5.2 (Fall 1962): 16-27.
• ---. "Norman Mailer and John Dos Passos: The Question of Influence." Modern Fiction Studies 17.3 (Autumn 1971): 361-74.
• Myers, Thomas. Walking Point: American Narratives of Vietnam. New York: Oxford UP, 1988.
• Nagel, James, ed. Critical Essays on Catch-22. The Dickenson Seminar Series in Criticism. Encino, CA: Dickenson, 1974.
• Nanda, Bijaya K. "Heller's Catch-22: The Problem of Its Ending." Indian Journal of American Studies 22.2 (Summer 1992): 126-30.
• Newman, John. Vietnam War Literature: An Annotated Bibliography of Imaginative Works About Americans Fighting in Vietnam. 3rd ed. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow P, 1996.
• Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. Thus Spake Zarathustra. Trans. Thomas Common. The Philosophy of Nietzsche. Ed. Willard Huntington Wright. New York: Modern Library, 1954. 3-368.
• Novelli, Martin. "Hollywood and Vietnam: Images of Vietnam in American Film." The Vietnam Era: Media and Popular Culture in the US and Vietnam. Ed. Michael Klein. London: Pluto P, 1990. 107-24.
• Noverr, Douglas A. "A Midwesterner in the Maelstrom of History: Thomas Boyd's Characterization of William Hicks." Midamerica 10 (1983): 99-109.
• Olderman, Raymond M. Beyond the Waste Land: A Study of the American Novel in the Nineteen-Sixties. New Haven: Yale UP, 1972.
• Palm, Edward F. "The Search for a Usable Past: Vietnam Literature and the Separate Peace Syndrome." South Atlantic Quarterly 82.2 (Spring 1983): 115-28.
• Pinsker, Sanford. "Heller's Catch-22: The Protest of a Puer Eternis." Critique 7.2 (Winter 1964-65): 150-62.
• ---. Understanding Joseph Heller. Understanding Contemporary American Literature. Columbia, SC: U of South Carolina P, 1991.
• Pizer, Donald. Twentieth-Century American Literary Naturalism: An Interpretation. Crosscurrents/Modern Critiques/New Series. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1982.
• Podhoretz, Norman. Doings and Undoings: The Fifties and After in American Writing. New York: Farrar, 1964.
• Potts, Stephen W. From Here to Absurdity: The Moral Battlefields of Joseph Heller. The Milford Series: Popular Writers of Today. San Bernardino, CA: Borgo P, 1982.
• Pratt, John Clark. "Bibliographic Commentary: "From the Fiction, Some Truths." "Reading the Wind": The Literature of the Vietnam War. Ed. Timothy J. Lomperis. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1987. 115-54.
• Radford, Jean. Norman Mailer: A Critical Study. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1975.
• Ramsey, Vance. "From Here to Absurdity: Heller's Catch-22." Seven Contemporary Authors: Essays on Cozzens, Miller, West, Golding, Heller, Albee, and Powers. Ed. Thomas B. Whitbread. Austin: U of Texas P, 1966. 97-118.
• Raymond, Michael W. "Imagined Responses to Vietnam: Tim O'Brien's Going After Cacciato." Critique 24.2 (Winter 1983): 97-104.
• Richter, David H. Fable's End: Completeness and Closure in Rhetorical Fiction. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1974.
• Riesman, David, et al. The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character. 1950. Studies in National Policy. New Haven: Yale UP, 1970.
• Ringnalda, Donald. "Chlorophyll Overdose: Stephen Wright's Meditations in Green." Western Humanities Review 40.2 (1986): 125-40.
• Ritter, Jesse. "Fearful Comedy: Catch-22 as Avatar of the Social Surrealist Novel." Kiley and McDonald 73-86.
• Sabol, Regis T. The Private vs. the General: The Conflict Between the Individual and the War Machine in Four American Novels of World War II. Diss. Indiana U of Pennsylvania, 1993. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1993.
• Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and Nothingness: A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology. Trans. Hazel E. Barnes. New York: Washington Square P, 1956.
• Savage, D. S. "Ciphers at the Front." Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Farewell to Arms: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Jay Gellens. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1970. 91-102.
• Saving Private Ryan. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Dreamworks/Paramount. 1998.
• Schaffer, Ronald. America in the Great War: The Rise of the War Welfare State. New York: Oxford UP, 1991.
• Schroeder, Eric James. "The Past and the Possible: Tim O'Brien's Dialectic of Memory and Imagination." Search and Clear: Critical Responses to Selected Literature and Films of the Vietnam War. Ed. William J. Searle. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State Popular P, 1988. 116-34.
• ---. "Two Interviews: Talks with Tim O'Brien and Robert Stone." Modern Fiction Studies 30.1(Spring 1984): 135-64.
• Searle, William J. "Walking Wounded: Vietnam War Novels of Return." Search and Clear: Critical Responses to Selected Literature and Films of the Vietnam War. Ed. William J. Searle. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State Popular P, 1988. 147-59.
• Seltzer, Leon F. "Milo's 'Culpable Innocence': Absurdity as Moral Insanity in Catch-22." Papers on Language and Literature 15 (1979): 290-310. Rpt. in Critical Essays on Joseph Heller. Ed. James Nagel. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1984. 74-92.
• Shannon, David A. Between the Wars: America, 1919-1941. Boston: Houghton, 1965.
• Shor, Francis. "The IWW and Oppositional Politics in World War I: Pushing the System Beyond Its Limits." Radical History Review 64 (1996):74-94.
• Simmonds, Roy S. The Two Worlds of William March. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 1984.
• Singer, Beth J. "Dewey's Concept of Community: A Critique." Journal of the History of Philosophy 23.4 (Oct. 1985): 555-69.
• Slabey, Robert M. "Going After Cacciato: Tim O'Brien's 'Separate Peace.'" America Rediscovered: Critical Essays on Literature and Film of the Vietnam War. Ed. Owen W. Gilman, Jr. and Lorrie Smith. New York: Garland, 1990. 205-12.
• Slay, Jack, Jr. "A Rumor of War: Another Look at the Observation Post in Tim O'Brien's Going After Cacciato." Critique 41.1 (Fall 1999): 79-85.
• Smith, Roger H. "A Review: Catch-22." Daedalus 92 (Winter 1963): 155-65.
• Sniderman, Stephen L. "'It Was All Yossarian's Fault': Power and Responsibility in Catch-22." Twentieth-Century Literature 19 (1973): 251-58. Rpt. in Critical Essays on Joseph Heller. Ed. James Nagel. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1984. 33-39.
• Solotaroff, Robert. Down Mailer's Way. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1974.
• Stallings, Laurence. The Doughboys: The Story of the AEF, 1917-18. New York: Harper, 1963.
• Stark, Howard J. "Catch-22: The Ultimate Irony." Nagel 130-41.
• Stern, J. P. "War and the Comic Muse: The Good Soldier Schweik and Catch-22." Comparative Literature 20.3 (Summer 1968): 193-216.
• Stevenson, David L. "James Jones and Jack Kerouac: Novelists of Disjunction." The Creative Present: Notes on Contemporary American Fiction. Ed. Nona Balakian and Charles Simmons. Garden City: Doubleday, 1963.
• Stewart, Matthew. "Stephen Wright's Style in Meditations in Green." Critique 34.2 (Winter 1993): 126-36.
• Tran, John. "Vietnamese Cultural Production During the American War." The Vietnam Era: Media and Popular Culture in the US and Vietnam. Ed. Michael Klein. London: Pluto P, 1990. 199-211.
• Uffen, Ellen Serlen. "James Jones' Trilogy, or Is War Really Hell?" MidAmerica 10 (1983): 139-51.
• Veblen, Thorstein. The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Macmillan, 1899.
• Volpe, Edmond L. "James Jones - Norman Mailer." Contemporary American Novelists. Ed. Harry T. Moore. Crosscurrents/Modern Critiques. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1964. 106-19.
• Walden, Daniel. "'Therefore Choose Life': A Jewish Interpretation of Catch-22." Nagel 57-63.
• Waldron, Randall H. "The Naked, the Dead, and the Machine: A New Look at Norman Mailer's First Novel." PMLA 87.2 (1972): 271-77.
• Walsh, Jeffrey. American War Literature: 1914 to Vietnam. New York: St. Martin's P, 1982.
• Way, Brian. "Formal Experiment and Social Discontent: Joseph Heller's Catch-22." Journal of American Studies 2.2 (1968): 253-70.
• Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Trans. Talcott Parsons. New York: Scribner's, 1958.
• Wilson, Raymond J. III. "Control and Freedom in The Naked and the Dead." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 28.2 (1986): 164-81.